Analysis Of Lon Fuller s Inner Morality - 1616 Words

Lon Fuller is known for what he calls the â€Å"internal morality† of law. In â€Å"Eight Ways to Fail to Make Law,† Fuller sets out eight standards that he claims compose â€Å"inner morality† and must be present in order for a legal system to exist. First of Fuller’s standards, there must be rules. These rules create a precedent. Second, these rules must be made public. If these laws are secret, then they cannot guide behavior. Thus, non-publicized laws cannot be laws in Fuller’s sense of the term. Third, laws must be prospective rather than retroactive—why make a law today that affects some vague point in the future? They cannot be meaningful if they cannot guide future action. Fourth, laws must be clear and concise rather than unintelligible. Fifth, laws must not be contradictory. Noncompliance with the last two standards would be similar to having secret laws. If no one understands them or knows what they say, they cannot be laws. Sixth, laws must not have requirements that are practically impossible—draconian requirements. Again, if it cannot guide action, it is not law. Seventh, laws should not be constantly amended. Eighth and finally, laws must be congruent in the way they are announced and the way they are administered. Without these last two standards, there might as well be no set law. Fuller refers to these eight standards as to as the principles of legal construction, and they compose the â€Å"internal morality of law.† If anything fails these principles, it is not moral andShow MoreRelatedThe Morality Of Law, By Lon L. Fuller Essay2095 Words   |  9 Pagesarticulated in a number of the jurisprudence works of the mid-twentieth American legal philosopher, Lon L. Fuller. The Morality of Law, for instance, provides a valuable snapshot of Fuller’s preliminary sense of what his idea on human dignity might entail. In the core of his argument of legal morality, Fuller proposes that any neg lect of eight principles of legality, which constitutes the internal morality of law, is not just only render the rational ground to obey the law and destroy the trusteeship

Advantages Of Media Systems And Disaggregated Indices

Advantages and disadvantages of media systems and disaggregated indices It is believed by some scholars such as Brian McNair (2007: 3) that the term â€Å"Political Communication† has proved to be notoriously difficult to define as both components of the phrase are themselves open to a wide variety of definitions. Nevertheless, lots have been the attempts to define this concept, one of them being that of McQuail (1992: 457) who defines political communication as â€Å"all processes of information (including facts, opinions, beliefs...), transmission, exchange and search engaged in by participants in the course of institutionalised political activities.† It should be noted at this juncture the great importance that this type of communication has, since, as we will see along this essay, it is an essential part of the political system and the political process of each country, as well as a key element for the quality of democracies (Caramani 2014: 330) Furthermore, we will look, briefly, at the drastic evolution of political communication thro ugh time as we will focus our attention in analyzing the two main approaches used to compare political communication across countries, and the possible advantages and disadvantages that they could have. In many democracies, political communication seems to have passed through three stages that comprise between 1950 and nowadays. Nonetheless, it has to be pointed out that it was in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, when politicalShow MoreRelatedMerck vs Pfizer7379 Words   |  30 Pagesyear and therefore must rely on a dependable manufacturing system. Their manufacturing network consists of numerous manufacturing sites and distribution networks around the world. In addition to their internal manufacturing, pharmaceutical firms work with networks of external partners to produce lines of product, packaging, and active ingredients. To create demand for their products, both companies market extensively in multiple media outlets and encourage consumers to ask their doctors aboutRead MoreHuman Security7486 Words   |  30 Pagesestablishing deep and inclusive national ownership and (2) robust grounding of the research including support wherever necessary by solid data. 8 Regional (and global) reports are also helpful for addressing thorny issues at a national level, and offer advantages for dealing with many transnational issues, such as migration or climate change. 3. Data mapping Data, whether primary or secondary, must be at the heart of the report. Sources can be primary or secondary. †¢ If possible include some primaryRead MoreTeaching Notes Robert Grant - Strategy 4th Edition51665 Words   |  207 PagesIndustry Environment Chap. 4. Intra-Industry Analysis Chap. 5 Analyzing Resources and Capabilities Chap. 5. Analyzing Resources and Capabilities Chap. 6. Organization Structure and Management Systems Chap. 7. The Nature and Sources of Competitive Advantage Chap. 8. Cost Advantage Chap. 9. Differentiation Advantage Chap. 10. Industry Evolution Chap. 11. Technology-based Industries and the Management of Innovation Chap. 10. Industry Evolution Chap. 11. Technology-based Industries and the Management ofRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of cost categories Marketing cost analysis:

Total Cost Minimization Is Critical - 1242 Words

Total cost minimization is critical to any business competing in a global market where there are inequities in wage, resources, and company costs. In order for a business to stay competitive, it must continually innovate to maximize efficiencies. Online shopping has given consumers greater choice when purchasing products, allowing them to shop virtually anywhere in the world for the cheapest price. It is therefore crucial for companies to be mindful of other retail prices. Certain variables that cannot be controlled by companies are hydro and gas rates, as well as annual inflation. November 1st, 2013 Ontario Hydro said: â€Å"The price of off peak power will rise by 7.5% representing an annualized increase of 15%† (Electricity Supply†¦show more content†¦For example, a local art shop might reduce cost by changing the materials needed to create their product, where as a large automotive company might minimize cost by manufacturing certain parts in a low-cost economy. A lthough effective, this brings about ethical topics such as child labor. Certain techniques must be applied to minimizing cost and maximizing profit. In 1908, Henry Ford revolutionized the manufacturing process during the production of the Model T. His intention of mass producing the Model T automobile accidently introduced the assembly line to society. The assembly line drastically changed the way companies manufacture products. The assembly line is a sequence of operations on a product moving down a conveyer. These operations are performed by stationary personnel at select locations. Ford’s vision to provide the Model T to the world revolutionized the way society manufactures products. Ford wanted to outrun the other competition, and created a more efficient and cheaper production line to mass produce the Model T. He accomplished this by replacing laborers with machines, making qualified personnel perform repetitive low-skilled jobs. By 1914 Ford was able to drop the price of the Model T from $800.00 to about $575.00. Mass consumption allowed Ford to minimize cost. Labors could easily be replaced because of low qualifications. Employees were outraged and refused to work. Ford responded back with a guaranteed five dollar pay increase which drew

Reflective Writing Nursing Profession

Question: Discuss about theReflective Writingfor Nursing Profession. Answer: Introduction: Reflective writing has become a significant area in the nursing profession that has attributed to the development of critical, autonomous as well as also advanced nursing staffs. Often researchers have suggested that reflective practice has in turn helped in developing the professionalism and quality of the work. This is mainly done by enhancing their nursing care by a patient centered approach and a better understanding of the their actions. This in turn has a very positive impact on their nursing skills (Chan, 2013). Reflective practice is often considered as a continuous cycle in which the experiences and the consecutive reflections on the experiences are interrelated. These implies that those nurses who provide correct reflection to their practices are often more matured and skilled than the others who do not follow up with the process (Bulman Scutz, 2013). Very important criteria associated with the success of reflective learning are that the nurse should possess certain traits like open mindedness, courage, and willingness to accept. They should have the capability to accept criticism and thereby act on the criticism to make herself successful in her profession. My Role in the Aged Care Facility: I was placed in Aged care facility, as the part of the curriculum demanded me for vocational placement. During my on job days I could effectively utilize my theoretical knowledge in my practical works in the aged care. I had to undertake a number of activities while providing care and service to the resident aged patients of the facility and could enhance my knowledge in every fields of the practice. I got enough chances to implement my theoretical knowledge in the fields like proper infection control principles, development of clinical skills while testing the vital signs, different neurovascular observations, urine analysis, hand hygiene, catheter care, BGL monitoring, mobility or transfer assistance, feeding assistance, pain assessment, fluid balance chart and many others. A large number of experiences have taught me the various positive and negative aspects associated with each day of my practice and helped me to learn the points, which are necessary to be followed before conduct ing a specialized treatment approaches. In this report, I would like to adopt one such experience that I have faced which have made me more experienced in the profession and has helped me to analyze the ways that could make my skill more polished and enhance my skills. While presenting the reflective cycle, we can choose the Gibbs model which will help to portray the situation systematically so that a clear reflection can be observed in the form of the following cycle: Source: (Brookes.ac.uk, 2016) Description of the Event: While handling an old female patient of BMI 25, I faced a serious incident while manually handling the patient. The patient had a fracture in her left leg and was completely plastered. She was advised not to put any weight in the affected leg. I was given the responsibility to transfer her to a wheel chair to be carried to the X ray room to carry out her X ray. I had organized a proper wheel chair and carried on the initial ethical considerations like whether the patient was able to respond and understand my comments and work accordingly. After being satisfied with the response from the patient, I placed the chair on the side of the chair and instructed the patient to sit over the side of the bed and then hop on the crutches to sit on the chair. This movement was immediately rejected by my mentor who instructed that patient is mobilizing on a very narrow base, which increases the risk of falling from unbalancing. It also signified that high risk is associated with my taken procedure since the patient may fall due to sudden unexpected movement. Feeling : I believed initially that as the patient had a BMI of a normal healthy human being and so therefore she would not have any problem in balancing herself from the bed on the crutches and can thereby sit on the chair by my help. The idea of losing balance and the risk of fall was not at all assessed by me as I thought it would not be difficult for a healthy being to balance herself to prevent herself from fall. Evaluation and Analysis: From the entire incident I learnt that the risk assessment associated with fall should always be conducted not only for patients with high BMI. They should also be conducted for normal healthy patients. This is because the response of the strength and balance of her body may not always be obtained from her health conditions and BMI. Rather safer approaches should be made that would be free from risks and chances (Abedini, Choobineh Hasanzadeh, 2015). As the mentor had instructed me with the right technique at the right time which had resulted in the prevention of any accidents. Otherwise, accidents might have occurred due to my inability to assess the risks associated with it and thereby it would have negatively affected my career. However, the positive aspect is that it had helped me to understand my mistake and learn from my faults. Action Plan and Conclusion: I should have properly analyzed the risks associated with the crutches. I should have adopted techniques that should not have any strains on her leg and would have been safe from any sort of accidents due to disbalance due to the approach that I had taken to transfer the patient from the bed to the wheel chair. From next time if I have to handle similar patients, I will place the wheel chair at the side of the bed after removal of the armrest and place a lateral transfer board underneath her. I shall ensure that proper brakes have been applied to wheelchair and bed. The chair and bed should have been kept at optimal heights. Then the patient should be instructed to slide over the transfer board while I will support her legs. This will be the correct way of manual handling (Poole-Wilson et al., 2014). Conclusion: Gibbs model is indeed a very effective model while explaining any experienced by a nurse that in turn help her to learn a lot from her own experiences (Brookes.ac.uk, 2016). It thereby also gives scope to analyze her approach and modify it by undertaking correct measurements against it. Reflective learning thereby help an individual healthcare professional to implement her own learning in her practice that would help her to develop skills and knowledge and come out successful in her profession (Amtfield et al., 2016). References: Abedini, R., Choobineh, A. R., Hasanzadeh, J. (2015). Patient manual handling risk assessment among hospital nurses.Work,50(4), 669-675. Arntfield, S., Parlett, B., Meston, C. N., Apramian, T., Lingard, L. (2016). A model of engagement in reflective writing-based portfolios: Interactions between points of vulnerability and acts of adaptability.Medical teacher,38(2), 196-205. Brookes.ac.uk. (2016). Reflective writing: About Gibbs reflective cycle - Oxford Brookes University. [online] Available at: https://www.brookes.ac.uk/students/upgrade/study-skills/reflective-writing-gibbs/ [Accessed 6 Dec. 2016]. Bulman, C., Schutz, S. (Eds.). (2013).Reflective practice in nursing. John Wiley Sons. Chan, Z. C. (2013). A systematic review of critical thinking in nursing education.Nurse Education Today,33(3), 236-240. Poole-Wilson, T., Davis, K., Daraiseh, N., Kotowski, S. (2014). Documenting the amount of manual handling performed by nurses in a hospital setting. InProceedings of 2014 Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care: Leading the Way. Chicago, IL: The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.