Theories of Child Development and Learning - 940 Words

[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]Theories of Child Development and Learning [pic] Several theories of child development and learning have influenced discussions of school readiness. Three have had profound impact on kindergarten readiness practices. These three theories include the maturationist, environmentalist, and constructivist perspectives of development (Powell, 1991). Maturationist Theory The maturationist theory was advanced by the work of Arnold Gessell. Maturationists believe that development is a biological process that occurs automatically in predictable, sequential stages over time (Hunt, 1969). This perspective leads many educators and families to assume that young children will acquire knowledge naturally and†¦show more content†¦Constructivist Theory The constructivist perspective of readiness and development was advanced by theorists such as Jean Piaget, Maria Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky. Although their work varies greatly, each articulates a similar context of learning and development. They are consistent in their belief that learning and development occur when young children interact with the environment and people around them (Hunt, 1969). Constructivists view young children as active participants in the learning process. In addition, constructivists believe young children initiate most of the activities required for learning and development. Because active interaction with the environment and people are necessary for learning and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate many of the interactions they have with the environment and people around them. Constructivist-influenced schools and educators pay a lot of attention to the physical environment and the curriculum of the early childhood classroom. Kindergarten classrooms often are divided into different learning centers and are equipped with developmentally appropriate materials for young children to play with and manipulate. Teachers and adults have direct conversations with children, children move actively from center to another,Show MoreRelatedJean Piaget‚Äà ´s theory of child development along with effective learning methods and teaching strategies used in secondary school classrooms with particular attention paid to science5758 Words   |  24 PagesLiterature Review Jean Piaget’s theory of child development along with effective learning methods and teaching strategies used in secondary school classrooms with particular attention paid to science A child’s developing mind1,2,3 Without a doubt, Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was one of the most influential child psychologists. In his day he was at the forefront of research into child psychology and even today, his word is cited by many in the profession. The constructivist theory (see later) in particularRead MorePiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of cognitive development is defined as the development of the ability to think and reason. There are many theorists who have studied cognitive theories and the most famous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in their development. Understanding cognitive development will betterRead MoreTheories Of Development And Development Influence Human Intelligence1676 Words   |  7 Pagesexperimented to interpret learning and development. Some major theorists that are incorporated with theories of development include Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Erik Erikson. Along with the theories of development, there are theories of learning. The four main theories include cognitive, constructivism, social cognitive, and situative. First and foremost, Jean Piaget can be considered a pioneer in psychology. His theory is considered one of the most influential and comprehensive theories of cognitive developmentRead MoreCognitive Development Theory Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesA. Cognitive Development Theory In a general sense the theory of cognitive development is not just a single theory but a number of theories offered by a number of cognitive psychologists over the past century. In summary though, cognitive development is the processes by which learning is developed by the construction of thought processes, memory, solving problems, decision-making and covers the life span from childhood to adulthood, but learning does not necessarily stop with adulthood. ThisRead MoreHow Do the Major Theories of Child Development (Known as the ‘Grand Theories’) Explore the Importance of Social Experiences?1675 Words   |  7 PagesHow do the major theories of child development (known as the ‘grand theories’) explore the importance of social experiences? Social experiences play a vital role in the development of children. Theories of child development have been created to help us to understand how children’s minds develop, taking into account the differences between cultures around the world. Some of these theories explore the possibility that children gain knowledge, develop new concepts and bridge new ideas through interactionRead MorePsychosocial And Cognitive Learning Theories1354 Words   |  6 PagesPsychosocial and Cognitive learning are just a few of the theories that describe the makeup of human development and behavior. Psychosocial theories explore the relationship between the social environment and an individual’s psychological condition (Crawford and Hawford, 2011). Whilst Cognitive Learning Theory explains certain behavioral responses of people based on their understanding and mental representation of what is happening at the present time. This theory also explores a person’s everydayRead MoreA Com parative Analysis Of Theories Of Vygotsky And Piaget1446 Words   |  6 PagesChild development refers to change or growth that occurs in children. It starts with infancy and continues through adolescence and it involves the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur. Cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains understanding of his or her world through the interaction of genetic and learned factors(Children’s Health n.d.). This paper is a comparative analysis of the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget with emphasis on how the roleRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky Theories Of Learning1257 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of learning In this essay, I will compare and contrast jean Piaget and lev Vygotsky theories of learning. First, I will discuss Piaget followed by Vygotsky then I will compare and contrast both theorists. Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, he is known for his contribution to a theory of cognitive development. Piaget became interested in the reasons why children gave the wrong answers to questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrectRead MoreLev Vygotsky And The Zone Of Proximal Development1522 Words   |  7 PagesProximal Development Under normal circumstances, a child will physically develop without outside assistance. While there can be variations by way of culture, class, and ability, it is difficult to contest that human nature is the driving force behind the bodily changes that take place from birth until adulthood. In contrast, when it comes to determining the ways in which a child thinks and learns, there are numerous theories on what primarily influences cognitive growth and development. One theoristRead MorePiaget Vs Vygotsky : Piaget And Vygotsky1314 Words   |  6 PagesPiaget and Lev Vygotsky are often considered the most influential cognitive development and learning psychologists of the 20th century. Their research efforts have inspired numerous interpretations and spawned new outlets of approaching developmental psychology. The following paragraphs will analyze the theories of Piaget of Vygotsky and discuss how their research can be used to advance the use of cognitive development in learning, bot h traditional and online. Summary Jean Piaget (1896-1980) theorized

Duccio’s MaestàEssay - 1449 Words

In the early Renaissance era Florence and Siena were rivals in many aspects. The Battle of Montaperti was fought between the two in September of 1260. After their triumph over Florence, Siena used the monetary winnings for the building of the Palazzo Pubblico to serve the city in governmental, spiritual and social needs; it was comparable to the basilicas in ancient Rome in this aspect. The Palazzo Pubblico (fig. 1) was also made to compete with Florence’s already constructed Palazzo della Signoria1 (fig. 2). The city also focused the new funds on the elaboration of the cathedral interior (fig. 3). In 1308, Duccio di Buoninsegna was hired for this reason. Duccio completed the requested polyptych, or multipaneled, altarpiece three years†¦show more content†¦The people saw a painting of Mary as a path of communication. The people of Siena, now visually inspired to pray for the well-being and peace of the city, were ecstatic at the sight of the finished altarpiece. The c itizens of Siena were not alone in their high regards of St. Mary. Duccio includes his signature of praise in the base of the Virgin’s throne: â€Å"Holy Mother of God, be the cause of peace to Siena, and of life to Duccio because he has painted you thus.† Duccio used his talent as a type of praise, painting as a form of worship. He hoped for the favor of his patron saint in return for the labor expended in creation of the Maestà  . Duccio’s Maestà   towered over six feet and consisted of fifty-five framed panels painted with egg-based tempera. Madonna Enthroned, the largest section of the entire structure, dominated the front plane of the altarpiece. The same side was comprised of scenes of the life of Mary from Annunciation to her death (fig. 4). The reverse side compiled the life of Christ into 42 separate panels from the Baptism of Christ to events occurring after Resurrection (fig. 5). Many ages of art shine through Duccio’s portraying of Mary in M adonna Enthroned (fig. 6). Both being trained in the Greek manner, Duccio’s version of Siena’s patron saint is comparable to Cimabue’s Enthroned Madonna and Child with Angels and Prophets from the year 1280 2 (fig. 7). Duccio, however, took a softerShow MoreRelatedThe Most Famous Work Of Art1053 Words   |  5 Pagespainter, active in the city of Siena. His most famous work of art is the Maesta Altarpiece located in the Cathedral of Siena. At that time, Siena was very competitive with Florence. The greatest Florentine painter was Giotto di Bondone. He was a couple years younger than Duccio. Giotto’s crowning achievement is a series of fresco murals painted in the Arena Chapel. Duccio and Giotto were two astonishing artists. Duccio’s Maesta and Giotto’s fresco painting in the Arena Chapel both tell us a narrativeRead MoreEssay about The Role of the Church in the Renaissance1773 Words   |  8 Pagesmethods of worship and partly as guarantees of salvation. Most large-scale architecture and paintings were religious in nature. Three religious works of art of this time period that best reflect the role of the Church are Giotto’s Arena Chapel, Duccio’s Maestà  , and Masaccio’s Trinity. Giotto is considered the first artist to be fully immersed in the Renaissance, and the man who truly brought the Renaissance to Florence. He learned from the skills and progress of the artists before him and took theirRead MoreDuccio di Buoninsegnas Madonna and Child1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the painting is foreshadowing the death of Jesus Christ. In addition, the burns of the side of the frame peaked my interest, as to why they were there. Art critics were also interested in this work they even consider Madonna and Child one of Duccio’s perfect works, and it said to be worth all the other paintings exhibited under the name of Duccio (Christiansen 14). The Madonna and Child painting’s iconography, imagery, emotional appeal to the viewers, and meaning all make this painting still

Role of Women in Democracy for Ancient Greece -myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theRole of Women in Democracy for Ancient Greece. Answer: The word Democracy is derived from the Greek term democratia which means peoples rule. In the ancient Greek city-states during the middle of the 5th century BCE the political system was denoted as democracy (OPry, 2015). In this context, a pertinent question arises related to the role of the people in democracy at that time. In addition to this it is also important to conduct an in-depth study on the role of women in democratization of the society. In response to that, this essay will put focus on the relation between democracy and women in ancient Greece and further extend the discussion in the light of present case scenario. Women are always neglected in politics and nation building process. This was not being altered in ancient Greece as well. In Athens women had a little scope to participate in politics but no right to get in power. The patriarchal underpinnings were always there which incited philosophers like Aristotle to identify women as evil. In fact, women did not have the right to vote where as their male counterparts were easily joined in plebiscite. On the contrary, in Sparta women had enjoyed more freedom in terms of inheritance of property or education. However, the political forums were intensely dominated by men and strictly isolated women (OPry, 2015). In relation to this, the term Oikonomia referred to women although this word connotes household management. The Greek male intelligentsia deliberately used this term sarcastically as a symbol of lack of chivalry. The so called classical age of Greece made the life of women so miserable that often the term Oikonomia was used as a sense of sl ave. It is true that Greece introduced the very idea of equality and installed it in the socio-political system in form of direct democracy but the involvement of women in this political discourse is a matter of question. Gradually in course of time, the idea of democracy incorporates a number of new perspectives and it requires a revision of the existing concept. In this regards, the question of equality in terms of gender holds the focal point. In the 21st century the matter of gender equality in democracy becomes very popular as a research. Empirical evidences shows that in the developing countries like India, Brazil, Pakistan or Nigeria there is a common perception that men can perform better than women in politics (Haerpfer, 2009). In compare to that, most of the advanced countries reflect their advancement in participation of women in politics. For instance, in US the number of female participation in Parliament is 19.6% which is not satisfactory but well enough than the rests (Fraile, 2014). In analysing the percentage of female participation in recent politics it is imperative to understand the civil liberties and its necessity in modern times. In addition to this, the culture and social prejudices as well as religion play as an impetus to stir up the situation. Today, out of 191 countries only 9 countries have female head of the state (Fraile, 2014). Moreover, the Arab countries have the worst rate of women representation. According to the Feminist scholars, civil liberty became develop with the advent of democracy and liberty in ancient Greece. The French Revolution and the foundation of Citizens rights in America fostered it towards permanence. However, all these efforts did not take care of the women in society. It was a general declaration which further manipulated by male chauvinism. Furthermore, lack of confidence in their political abilities and the electoral process is held responsible for underrepresentation of women in democratic politics. Therefore, it is cr ucial to organize the women to initiate movement against discrimination. It has to keep in mind that equality is a broader concept and should not be partial to any particular group or gender. Women movement for equal rights is not a new trend rather it has been started since the 20th century (Haerpfer, 2009). In this context, it can be argued that in the African and Middle East countries fight for equality was commanded by the women actually. In Morocco, women played a pivotal role in democratize the country in 1990s (Dahlerup, 2017). Therefore, from the present case scenario it is very clear to acknowledge that women are always considered to be a major element in democracy so far and without their participation it is no possible to preserve the true essence of democracy. In this context, the attitude of democracy towards women should also be come under scrutiny. The ancient democratic form of government in Greece possessed a different kind of perception in compare to the modern idea of democracy. At that time, democracy and its regulations were always beneficial for the male members of the society. Women got deprived since then. The same process is happening in so called modern age. The renaissance ideas might enlighten us but that was not enough to perceive the concept of equality. Women got their right to vote in UK in 1918 but it was too late for democracy to recognize women as a part of it (Haerpfer, 2009). In 1995 during the UN world conference on women the focus was shifted from the traditional perception that women did not possess adequate qualification or political interest to govern (Dahlerup, 2017). Instead of this the UN council suggested that it was important to reform within the democratic system rather than questioning the ability of wo men. This viewpoint dynamically changed the existing feeling about women and some scholars were started preparing a master plan for incorporation of women in politics. Therefore, it can be stated that democracy was not responsible for creating a hostile socio political environment for women rather it became a platform for women to cry for equal participation in politics. The key principles of French Revolution liberty, equality and fraternity are considered to be the backbone of modern democracy. However, in the Islamic and developing countries people are still inclined towards the traditional concept of womens inability in politics. It contradicts the key principle of democracy where equality irrespective of class, caste and gender should be practiced. Therefore, it is important to incorporate the female representatives in political sector. Besides this, in democracy the government represents the people. It means the role of the government must have a broader representation and in that case including the female members of the society can ensure the transparency. In addition to this, women are identified as a productive unit of a country. Therefore, inclusion of the women in politics can help the country to make progress. It will also motivate other women to get interest in politics and retain the very establishment of democracy. Reference List Dahlerup, D. (2017).Has democracy failed women?. John Wiley Sons. Fraile, M. (2014). Do women know less about politics than men? The gender gap in political knowledge in Europe.Social Politics,21(2), 261-289. OPry, K. (2015). Social and Political Roles of Women in Athens and Sparta. Saber And Scroll, 1(2),Retrievedfromhttps://digitalcommons.apus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030context=saberandscroll Top of Form Haerpfer, C. (2009).Democratization(pp. 145-157). New York: Oxford University Press.Bottom of Form

Liberal Democracy vs. Autocracy free essay sample

Though the pervasiveness of liberalism and democracy is readily apparent throughout those states that recognize the socioeconomic benefits stimulated by these ideals, there remains still a myriad of complex governing systems that seem to shirk the possibilities of this apotheosized ideology in favor of highly variable authoritarian manifestations. Yet this is not simply a case where one ideology may be chosen based on the particular needs and relative cultural norms of one society versus another with the two forms existing in global harmony; rather it is the case that liberal democracy generally remains significantly more stable, incites less violence, and promotes economic progress in far greater frequencies than the various blends of autocracy. It would seem then, that liberal democracy is the superior ideological foundation for successful, prosperous, and stable governance—an argument asserted quite controversially by Francis Fukuyama, qualified and advocated by Fareed Zakaria, and rooted as a central concern of this paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Liberal Democracy vs. Autocracy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, this paper is not to be cast upon the painfully mounting stack of virtually inapplicable and redundant analyses of democratic versus authoritarian institutions by withered, aloof academics far removed from current developments in international affairs. Rather, it endeavors to proffer a unique perspective demonstrating liberal autocracy as a possible deviation from Fukuyama’s conception of the â€Å"end of history,† through the use of concrete and theoretical observations of recent political instability and military coups in Guinea with particular attention to its ideological limbo resultant from its suspension between the desire for liberalism and its susceptibility to autocratic command. On the â€Å"End of History† Before embarking upon the daunting task of systematically dissecting Guinean politics, it is necessary first to briefly discuss the arguments set forth by Fukuyama and Zakaria in order to later respond to them. Most scrutinizing readers of Fukuyama’s article â€Å"The End of History† recognized that the certainty that liberal democracy is to be the inevitable omnipresent ideology in the future of world governance depends on whether there are â€Å"viable alternatives to liberal democracy visible in the world today† (Fukuyama 1993; xxi). But Fukuyama delves deeper than this singular question in the book spurned by his article, affirming the above question but also emphasizing the â€Å"goodness of liberal democracy† being that it is the best ideal beyond which government cannot progress any further (1993; 287). This is because the values inherent in liberal democracy—specifically liberty and equality—satisfy the innate human desire for â€Å"recognition,† a philosophical term referring to man’s need to retain dignity and seek equality and self-worth (1993; xvi-xvii). This logic plainly begs the question: Is liberal democracy truly the only form of governance that has the capability to satisfy man’s need for so-called â€Å"recognition? † Zakaria goes on to proclaim that democracy â€Å"represents the â€Å"last best hope† for people around the world,† a clear parallel to Fukuyama, but quantifies the spread of democracy through noting the potentiality for illiberal democracy which is, in essence, pseudo-democracy in that it masks an authoritarian regime with usually rigged elections and opposition repression and fails to establish legitimate political institutions (Zakaria 2007; 89-118). He propones the institution of â€Å"rule-of-law† and capitalism before worrying about elections by reason that they are troublesome and misleading especially in the absence of constitutional liberalism (2007; 55). Through this, Zakaria establishes that liberal autocracy might be the necessary sojourn on the way to liberal democracy through gradualism. A Short History of Military Coups in Guinea Upon gaining independence from France in 1958, Guinea installed the idealistic leader whom had spearheaded the anti-Franco movement, Sekou Toure, who established the only party in Guinea, The Party of Democratic Guinea (PDG) and ironically ruled as anything but democratically (Mwakikagile 2001; 59). He pursued isolationist policies, instituted rigged elections, violently repressed his opponents, and failed to institute effective economic progress, all factors stimulating internal threats against him, which he quelled time and again through the loyalty of his military (2001; 60). He promised numerous reforms, many of them democratic, to â€Å"achieve complete decolonization and de-occidentalization† which would be actualized through socialism but went largely ignored (2001; 60). Eventually he was forced to seek aid from the United States and France due to terrible economic performance despite incredibly rich mineral resources (2001; 61). After an abundance of coup attempts, Toure strengthened his iron grip on Guinea and maintained it due to the enormous power he wielded as head of both the government and the ruling party (2001; 63). After 26 years of rule, Toure died suddenly in 1984 (2001; 64). Strangely enough, Toure had appointed no clear successor to his regime and this coupled with the lack of popular support for his civilian government gave ample opportunity for Colonel Lansana Conte’s military coup to smoothly seize power (Arieff and Cook 2009; 35). He â€Å"promised to restore free enterprise and democracy† just as Toure had promised democracy (Mwakikagile 2001; 64). But, as history does repeat itself, Conte worked quickly to consolidate his power and suppress his opponents, often through violent means (2001; 64). He did however manage to pass some beneficial reforms and make concessions to lower-ranking soldiers and civilians in order to preserve his legitimacy during the decades of his tenure, unlike his predecessor (Arieff and Cook 2009; 35-36). Unfortunately, during the 1990s, Conte continuously promised and delayed democratic and electoral reforms, stimulating great frustration and discontent within the populace and inciting yet another coup attempt against him, which he did not suppress but instead luckily appeased through complying with the demands of the coup leaders (2009; 38-39). When democratic reforms were introduced, they were nothing more than the same pseudo-democratic elections and opposition suppression to which the people had already been exposed (2009; 36-37). It was not until his death in 2008 that a coup, led by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara, was able to successfully seize power just as Conte had done to embark upon his own regime (2009; 1). Guinean Military Coups Explained Concisely as can be stated, Toure’s rather abrupt seizure of political control was a case of one-party regime establishment brought on by undercurrents of ideology and bloodless revolution that degenerated into personalist rule according to the outline of one-party regimes set forth by Paul Brooker (Brooker 2009; 125). But it is the decay and breakdown of his regime and how this led to the 1984 Conte coup that is particularly relevant to the fate of Guinean politics. In the case of Toure’s regime, it can be aid that the stimuli for breakdown and overthrow were already in place, with only the opportunity missing and for which Toure’s rather convenient death provided. These stimuli were economic decay and inefficiency resultant from poor governance and failed economic reforms, which alongside the repression of the masses, dwindling public support, and lack of fulfillment of promises made to the public regarding democratic reforms spurred the development of delegiti mation in the government, which then provoked the various coup attempts suppressed by Toure (Kalyvas 1999; 329-332). In analyzing military intervention, Brooker utilizes three conditions that must be satisfied before Finer’s calculus of intervention can be invoked and military takeover inevitable: motives, means, and opportunity (Brooker 2009; 86). The motives encompass various forms of interest, but in Guinea’s case national interest (instituting democracy) compounded with corporate self-interest—that is, military aspirations for further societal influence and the personal ambitions of its leaders often motivated by greed—and sprinkled with the individual self-interest of Conte as made clear by his conduct in office—that is enforcing his individual dominion and repressing opposition—after seizing power is the most probable mixture (2009; 86). Obviously the means aspect was satisfied, for there was a well-equipped military loyal to the usurping leader, Conte, and would take power through a corporate coup, where mainly Conte and the highest ranking officials seized power by way of entering the capital and detaining and disposing of the civilian government’s officials while stationing the lower ranks in various strategic points in the surrounding area (2009; 93). Finally, the opportunity was clear: the former personalist authoritarian dictator whom was central to state authority and cohesion was dead, thereby providing a window of weak government allowing for easy takeover (2009; 96). Smith affirms the relevance of this opportunity, stating that â€Å"regimes might well be most likely to break down during the process of succession† (Smith 2005; 428). Once these preconditions are established to provoke the possibility of a coup, Finer’s calculus of intervention may be applied to determine the actualization of coup interference: military disposition instigated through Brooker’s motives and a reasonable opportunity for success combine, and in this case there is clear disposition resultant from the aforementioned issues to intervene and easy opportunity for such intervention due to the delegitimation of the government and the death of its leader (2009; 85). Decalo inserts the ‘personal’ element into this diagnosis, for it is clear that the decades of rule after Conte were strongly and directly influenced by his will: â€Å"whenever an elite (civil or military) captures power, its own corporate interests are among the first to be promoted† (Arieff and Cook 2009; 8; Decalo 1973; 115). After seizing power, Conte did indeed strengthen the military through a hefty increase in salaries and privileges; however this was more deterrence of coups against his government than in actual military self-interest (Mwakikagile 2001; 66). Conte’s one party regime also degenerated into one of personalist rule as coup attempts and loss of legitimacy forced him to grapple for more power in order to maintain his hold on Guinea (Arieff and Cook 2009; 37-39). Brownlee would regard Conte’s actions in retaining control over the military through nepotism as a successful deterrence of internal threats that ultimately contributed to the decades of longevity experienced by the Conte regime (Brownlee 2002; 38-39). Further contributing to this longevity was the correlation between the capacity for repression and regime durability, and because Guinea was able to function relatively independently of superpowers despite utilizing their aid, Conte could repress to utmost extremes without hindrance, thereby staving off potential overthrows due to the threat of persecution and thus remaining in power longer than he would otherwise probably have been able (2002; 49). Decalo also notes that a military coup is more successful when it diverges from its military governance and becomes a civilian government, with a military leader transforming into a political leader rather quickly, which is precisely what Conte accomplished (Decalo 1973; 117). Hence, Conte was able to preserve his hold on the Guinean government and extend his tenure through pseudo-democracy and extra-constitutional means. This longevity was to be interrupted by the sudden death of Conte in 2008, which stimulated the most recent coup, but this time there was a successor who was simply barred from assuming power once Captain Camara utilized his troops to usurp the capital and detain officials much as Conte had done before him. This military junta established an assembly called the National Council for Democracy and Development which dissolved the superficial constitution and promised to hold elections in two years (Arieff and Cook 2009; 9). By this time, Conte had run the regime into the ground in a strikingly parallel fashion to how Toure had managed it: through delegitimation, economic decay, corruption, excessive repression, and overall bad governance (2009; 9-10). Ironically, the conditions and exacerbations for Camara’s coup on Conte’s regime are exactly parallel to those of Conte’s coup on Toure’s regime; therefore there is no need to reiterate the theoretical explanation for its occurrence. Upon ascendency to power, Camara immediately asserted the junta’s authority by replacing civilian officials with military ones and sought to neutralize opposition. This is concurrent with Brooker’s argument regarding the aftermath of usurpation, in that the new government and leader must consolidate power or risk being unable to withstand another budding coup (Brooker 2007; 132-133). Consolidation of control leads to legitimacy of governance and Finer argues the necessity of this to successful military coups by recognizing the necessity of establishing protection against mutinies in this period of turbulence, and especially for garnering civilian obedience in order to surpass the need to use brute force constantly, which can severely undermine the morale of the populace and therefore the support for and legitimacy of the embryonic state (2007; 133-134). In the resounding words of Zakaria, â€Å"legitimacy is the elixir of political power† (Zakaria 2007; 255). Similarly to Conte and Toure, Camara has yet to institute significant democratic reforms as promised which have resulted in election delay and an expected Camara candidacy once elections are in place, and it is not unreasonable to conclude that Camara may rig those elections in his favor as well with the current authoritarian trends of the military junta, for Camara rejected criticism of his potential bid for candidacy based on the grounds that it threatened the transparency and purpose of the military junta (Arieff and Cook 2009; 17). The sole difference currently between Camara, Conte, and Toure seems to be that Camara has managed to earn a considerable degree of popular support, though this may be explained more by his nascent government which has yet to do significant socioeconomic damage than with genuine favor (2009; 18). Why Liberal Autocracy may be a Viable Option for Guinea It is clear that Guinea is struggling between the pull of democracy and autocratic seizures inhibiting democratic development. In its case however, the pursuance of democratic ideology seems to be motivated by the desire to achieve economic development for in every breakdown discussed economic decay was a consistently prevailing factor. Without democratic institutions, Guinea will remain without the aid it once garnered from superpowers (Arieff and Cook 2009; 24-27). In the absence of such understandable motives for democratic transition, there is no evidence that democratic ideals would still be pursued, for Guinea is not a culture with ingrained traditions of constitutional liberalism, to borrow Zakaria’s term, which would promote democracy from within. It is also interesting to note that Guinea is 85% Islamic, where liberty and equality are not exactly fundamental values (Mwakikagile 2001; 61). How then, could the Guinean people obtain a measure of social liberties in spheres unrelated to the political realms when the constant invasion by authoritarian coups seems to imply those liberties as being unattainable, but that which would stimulate capitalistic behaviors and therefore economic growth, curtail violence against the populace and armed conflict, while still allowing for the tendency towards authoritarianism in the political sector? The answer seems to be liberal autocracy as promulgated by Zakaria but manifested in a more prominent form than simply as a transitional entity. In reference to Fukuyama’s argument for the need to satisfy man’s need for â€Å"recognition,† in a well established liberal autocracy citizens would retain their dignity and opportunities for improvement outside of the political realm, which naturally encompasses a broad range of possibilities in the business, educational, and service sectors. However, the degree of such fulfillment may not necessarily be as extensive as that was envisioned by Fukuyama in a country where liberty and equality are not ubiquitous social ideals, so liberal autocracy may succeed by allowing economic development and personal freedoms solely relative to individual progress without the need for full-blown liberalism due to variances in culture—in Guinea’s case, its Islamic background and persistent tribalism. In a liberal autocracy, there would be some input in governmental affairs such as infrastructure or education, but none that would threaten the stability of the regime itself such as powers of impeachment by representatives of the people or the ability for state challengers to gain support and make demand hence opposition would still be subdued. But it certainly is possible, especially with the elusiveness of definitive and successful democratic political institutions in the case of Guinea. Liberal autocracy seems a viable and even probable alternative for it essentially embodies a â€Å"win-win† situation as a compromise between the interests of the people and of the type of government that is most able to gain political clout in their nation. As Daniel Brumberg contends: It is now clear, both within and far beyond the Middle East, that liberalized autocracy has proven far more durable than once imagined The trademark mixture of guided pluralism, controlled elections, and selective repression†¦is not just a â€Å"survival strategy† adopted by authoritarian regimes, but rather a type of political system whose institutions, rules, and logic defy any linear model of democratization. (Brumberg 2002; 56). But there is still the looming question of how liberal autocracy would not need to eventually develop into liberal democracy. The answer lies in the fact that liberal democracy itself was a tremendously lengthy process that hadn’t fully asserted itself until the latter half of the twentieth-century. So how is liberal autocracy expected to develop overnight into what it is capable of being decades from now?

Plot Summary of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House

Plot Summary of Henrik Ibsen's 'A Doll's House' Written in 1879 by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, A Dolls House is a three-act play about a seemingly typical housewife who becomes disillusioned and dissatisfied with her condescending husband. Act One: Meet the Helmers Set around Christmas time, Nora Helmer enters her home, truly enjoying life. An old widow friend from her past, Mrs. Linde, stops by hoping to find a job. Noras husband Torvald recently earned a promotion, so she happily finds employment for Mrs. Linde. When her friend complains how hard the years have been, Nora replies that her life has been filled with challenges too. Nora discreetly explains that several years ago, when Torvald Helmer was very ill, she forged her dead fathers signature in order to illegally obtain a loan. Since then, she has been paying back the loan in secret. She has never told her husband because she knows it would upset him. Unfortunately, a bitter bank employee named Nils Krogstad is the man who collects the debt payments. Knowing that Torvald is soon to be promoted, he tries using his knowledge of her forgery to blackmail Nora. He wants to ensure his position at the bank; otherwise, he will reveal the truth to Torvald and perhaps even the police. This turn of events greatly upsets Nora. However, she keeps the truth concealed from her husband, as well as Dr. Rank, a kind yet sickly old friend of the Helmers. She tries to distract herself by playing with her three children. However, by the ending of Act One, she begins to feel trapped and desperate. Act Two: Nora Tries to Keep Her Secret Throughout the second act, Nora tries to concoct ways to prevent Krogstad from revealing the truth. She has tried to coerce her husband, asking him to let Krogstad keep his job. However, Helmer believes the man possesses criminal tendencies. Therefore, he is bent on removing Krogstad from his post. Nora tries asking Dr. Rank for help, but she is put off when Dr. Rank becomes too flirtatious with her and claims that he cares for her just as much, if not more, than her husband. Later, the Helmers prepare for a holiday ball. Torvald watches Nora perform a traditional folk dance. He is disappointed that she has forgotten much of what he has taught her. Here, the audience witnesses one of the many scenes in which Torvald patronizes his wife as though she were a child or his play-thing. (Hence, Ibsen titled the play: A Dolls House). Torvald constantly calls her pet names such as my songbird and my little squirrel. Yet, he never speaks to her with any degree of mutual respect. Eventually, Mrs. Linde tells Nora that she had a romantic attachment to Krogstad in the past and that she can perhaps persuade him to relent. However, Krogstad does not sway in his position. By the end of Act Two, it seems that Torvald is bound to discover the truth. Nora is ashamed of this possibility. She contemplates jumping into an icy river. She believes that if she does not commit suicide, Torvald will bravely assume responsibility for her crimes. She believes that he would go to jail instead of her. Therefore, she wants to sacrifice herself for his benefit. Act Three: Nora and Torvald'sBig Transformation Mrs. Linde and Krogstad meet for the first time in years. At first, Krogstad is bitter towards her, but she soon rekindles their romantic interest toward one another. Krogstad even has a change of heart and considers tearing up Noras IOU. However, Mrs. Linde believes it would be best if Torvald and Nora finally confront the truth. After returning from the party, Nora and Torvald unwind at home. Torvald discusses how he enjoys watching her at parties, pretending that he is encountering her for the first time. Dr. Rank knocks on the door, interrupting the conversation. He says goodbye to them, hinting that he will be shutting himself up in his room until his sickness finally wins. After Dr. Ranks departure, Torvald discovers Krogstads incriminating note. When he realizes the criminal act that Nora has committed, Torvald becomes enraged. He fumes about how Krogstad can now make any demand he wishes. He declares that Nora is immoral, unfit as a wife and mother. Even worse, Torvald says that he will continue to be married to her in name alone. He wants to have no romantic connection to her whatsoever. The irony of this scene is that moments before, Torvald was discussing how he wished that Nora faced some sort of peril, so that he could prove his love for her. Yet, once that peril is actually presented, he has no intention of saving her, only condemning her actions. Moments after Torvald raves like a madman, Krogstad drops another note saying that he has rediscovered love and that he no longer wants to blackmail the Helmer family. Torvald rejoices, declaring that they are saved. He then, in a moment of sheer hypocrisy, states that he forgives Nora and that he still loves her as his little caged songbird. This is a startling wake-up call for Nora Helmer. In a flash, she realizes that Torvald is not the loving, selfless husband she had once envisioned. With that epiphany, she also comes to understand that their marriage has been a lie and that she herself has been an active part in the deception. She then decides to leave her husband and her children in order to find out who she truly is. Torvald desperately begs her to stay. He claims that he will change. She says that perhaps if a miracle of miracles happens they might one day become suitable companions. However, when she leaves, slamming the door behind her, Torvald is left with very little hope.

Tremont, Ohio Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Tremont, Ohio Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Tremont, Ohio A history of Tremont symbolizes the typical urban American neighborhood with its mish-mash of cultures. It offers eclectic sites and adaptive locations for filmmaking. I will look at the history of Tremont as a cultural center of the Midwest before the filming of The Deer Hunter (Figure 3). In addition, I will examine the history of Saint Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral and the history of Lemko Hall to illustrate the eclecticism and adaptability that director, Michael Cimino, tapped in his film. Director Michael Cimino's most powerful, and controversial film work The Deer Hunter examines the uniqueness of this area by focusing its setting on Saint Theodosius Russian Orthodox Church and Lemko Hall. The original developers of Tremont (Figure 4) were Mrs. Thirza Pelton and John Jennings. They planned to develop the Tremont area into the cultural center of the Midwest. Purchasing 275 acres for the development of Cleveland University, incorporated in 1851, was their start. The building on the corner of College and University Avenue would be the first and only building constructed for the University. Part of its campus would be Pelton Park, which was surrounded by streets named after the college like Professor, College, University, Literary, and so on. This conglomerate would make up "University Heights". This venture would end two years later, in 1852, when Mrs. Pelton died along with the loss of her financial support. Tremont still remained and continued to develop into an exclusive area as Pelton and Jennings had intended. "University Heights" continued to progress as an eclectic residential area of Cleveland up until the time of the Civil War. Jennings Avenue, currently ! West Fourteenth Street, was called the Gold Coast of Cleveland. Around the time of this prosperity, the area had become a main stay for the Union Troops. This area became a major participant for the Union in the Civil War. This area was affected by the war, which changed its name "University Heights" into "Lincoln Heights" and Pelton Park to Lincoln Park. The Union Troops had set up the area for their northern operations. The current Ukrainian Labor Temple, which lies on Auborn Avenue and West Eleventh Street, was used as a hospital for the Union Soldiers that were sick or wounded. The troops did their recruiting from Auburn Avenue, and the troops camped at the foot of Professor Street, which overlooks the Cuyahoga River, and also in Lincoln Park. After the civil war, many developers were interested in creating an industry in Tremont. Its access to the Cuyahoga River and its flat surrounding region made it an ideal place for steelworking. This created a need for a work force. Eager Irish and Slavic immigrants came into the area in hopes to make a new home for themselves. Between the nineteen-thirties to the late sixties Tremont become home to a multitude of cultures. The Irish and the Slavic people were followed by Germans, Southern Europeans, Syrians, Greeks, Italians and a few Blacks. The largest group at that time was the Lemkos. Lemkos were originally from Lemkovina, which was situated in the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. Lemkovina, controlled by Austria-Hungry, is still considered to this day the most neglected in cultural progress and the most oppressed of all the Russian peoples. With The Slavs that immigrated into the United States and Canada they not only brought their eastern orthodox religion, but also ! brought their styles of architecture. Before World War 1, 6,000 Slavic immigrants inhabited the Cleveland area. Their heritage and artistry is notable in Tremont's Architecture. The Eastern Orthodox belief of the Slavic people was and is still worshiped at Saint Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral. Saint Theodosius is the oldest Russian Orthodox Church in Cleveland. In September 1974 for its seventy eighth anniversary the church was put on the National Registry of Historical Places. It was coined "one of the most outstanding examples of Russian church architecture in the United States". (Cleveland Press Collection 1974). The architect's, Fredrick C. Baird, design was based on the pastor's, Father Basil S. Lisenkovsky, photographs of the Church of Our Savior Jesus Christ in Moscow. Baird used certain features of the Muscovite Church resulting in Saint Theodosius having 13 distinguishing crosses and

Critically Analysis Of TOYOTA Motor Europe's Environmental Management Essay

Critically Analysis Of TOYOTA Motor Europe's Environmental Management System and Life Cycle Assessment - Essay Example 176). This ambitious plan was unveiled in order to ensure the success of their business. Unlike other global business, Toyota has effectively cultivated its social relationship through its EMS program. This has contributed to its success and sustainability. The success of its EMS program has been enhanced by its guiding principles, which provide a philosophical management that is geared towards sustainability of their business and giving back to the society. The guiding principles are also in line with the principles of the Rio earth summit, which is concerned, with conservation of forests and water resource. The choice of Toyota for this project was realized through a comparison of EMS programs from other equivalent companies. Toyota Motor Europe: Company Outline Currently Toyota motor corporation (TMC) is the third largest automobile marketer and manufacture in the globe. TMC has well established European manufacturing and marketing units through the Lexus and Toyota brand names. I n addition, TMC Europe has a well-designed structure that facilitates manufacturing and distribution of automobiles and spare parts. Toyota design and development centre (EDD). This organization is tasked with designing of all automobiles under the Toyota and Lexus brands. The organization is also tasked with the responsibility of designing environmental friendly motor vehicles. This is done through its comprehensive research scheme and consultation with various stakeholders. Current researches undertaken by the centre are aimed at establishing fuel-efficient cars and vehicles that can use alternative sources of energy. The centre is responsible for the development of the modern hybrid cars that run on a combination of electric and fuel energy. The unit is concerned with both the body and engine designs. This is done in relation to the European terrain and weather. The Toyota Prius is the latest model from the unit. This automobile has an engine capacity of 1.5 litters and petrol co nsumption on of 5.1 L/ 100 km. In addition, the vehicle has an emission capacity 120 g/km and 71 dB (A)2 carbon dioxide and noise emissions respectively. This has been achieved through the effective body and engine design of the car. Toyota Motor Europe Marketing & Engineering (TMME), this organization is concerned with marketing and conducting market research across Europe. In addition, the organization has the responsibility of collecting information from various stakeholders with the prospects of creating sustainable business. The TMME handles marketing of both the Lexus and Toyota brands across Europe on both the wholesale and retail basis. Toyota Logistic Service France (TLSFR), this organization is a subsidiary arm of the TMME, which undertake marketing of automobiles band spare parts across France and other French speaking nations. The organization also handles logistics TMC logistics across Europe. This organization is also responsible for collecting data aimed at improving the sustainability of the company from different stakeholders. TLSFR is also representing TMC in the on going anti global warming campaigns. Toyota Motor Europe Manufacturing (TMEM) is the other organization under Toyota. This organization oversees manufacturing of Toyota vehicles across Europe. The organization also coordinates all manufacturing operations in Europe. To

Banking - International expansion of commercial banks Essay

Banking - International expansion of commercial banks - Essay Example However, despite the benefits associated with this trend of internationalization such as the availability of funds, risk diversification and enhancement of efficiency in the local banking sector, it also has the demerit of causing financial shocks to an economy as observed in the recent financial crisis. Considering the increased expansion and growth of international trade and business networks, internationalization of banking sector has become very important to our current global economy. This is because through international banks access to funds has been eased especially to credit-constrained firms and households; in addition, this has introduced competition in the local banking sector that has led to increase of consumer surplus due to decreased rates of borrowing and increase on interest rates paid on deposits. Furthermore, this competition has led to local banks being more efficient and as a result enhancing economic stability Internationalization of the banking sector has the benefit of facilitating capital flows especially from the economies rich in capital to the poor ones where the returns are perceived to be higher (Mullineux & Murinde 4). This in turn enhances the growth of the poor economies by boosting their savings and investments as well as reducing their capital costs. In addition to this, internationalization leads to the stability of the highly volatile interest rates owing to the convergence of local interest rates with those in international markets. However, this benefit has been doubtful and elusive following the recent financial crisis. On the other hand, despite the increased numbers of banks turning international, those that have successfully turned their exploits to profitability have been very few owing to the risks associated with the venture. Capital flow despite being a benefit of commercial bank internationalization, it is also one of the leading causes of the liquidity risks in an economy associated with internationalization. Th is is usually associated with the cross-border outflow of capital that greatly influences and affects the economic stability of a country. Moreover, considering there is interest rates differences amongst countries capital will flow to those economies where there are high returns expected and those whose central banks have low mandatory deposits with commercial banks. In addition, due to the capital inflow from these foreign banks increases liquidity in a country this may negatively affect the monetary measures undertaken by central banks in combating economic and monetary issues in the given economy. This implies that as a result of commercial bank internationalization has led to lack of autonomy in the application of monetary measures and policies in a given economy that has international banks. Furthermore, the entry of foreign banks may bring about equity problems hampering the local completion to the disadvantage of the local or domestic banks that cannot access equity as easil y as the foreign banks. Moreover, despite the allure that banks find when internationalizing often comes with the disadvantage of exposing themselves to uncertain political and economic risks associated with different economies country risks (Schoenmaker 35). This is because the process of internationalization exposes a bank to an economy’s market specific and inherent factors for instance regulatory frameworks, unfamiliar

Outline French Revolution Debate Essay Example for Free

Outline French Revolution Debate Essay I. How do you think Louis XVIs qualities as a good leader led to the French Revolution?A. Louis XVI did not have confidence in himself, which made it impossible foranyone to have confidence in himB.A mediocre leader could run any country into debt, but only a miserable leader could let a Revolution happen that is negative for the current governmentC.Many of the people doubted him many times, and he could not fool an entire country into thinking the current system (Old Regime) wasnt broken and didnt need to be fixed II. In your opinion, what were the most major causes for the French Revolution?A.Old Regime1.Third estate treated ridiculously unfairly2.97% of people poor, impoverished and oppressedB.Enlightenment1.3rd Estate had little no say in government2.Prior, they were told what to think3.Enlightenment made people think and rethink all aspects of society4.Challenged church and government5.Led to people taking actionC.Estates-General Meeting1.Gave the 3rd Estate a voice2.Led to the creation of the National Assembly3.Made the 3rd Estate realize they can force change III. How large of an impact did the Enlightenment have on the French Revolution?A.Led to other things; got the ball moving on the subjectB.Let people think everything over for themselves, without a government bias IV. One of the historians in the film called the French Revolution the crossroads of themodern world. What does this mean, do you agree with this claim?A.No, American Revolution1.Happened around the same time, but America went through the Industrial Revolution first2.France declined after the revolution, as America skyrocketed3.America destroyed a world power, France destroyed themselvesB.Still many other monarchys in place at this time V. What kind of leader was Robespierre? Do you think he did a good job representing theFrench people?A.Described as an incorruptible leaderB.Better leader than Louis XVIC.Became power hungry, declined at the end of his reign1.Was reason for Reign of Terror2.Killed people he was afraid ofD.Did a good job, kept the Revolution going and helped it along VI.. Why do you think the initial goals of the Revolution became so distorted during theReign of Terror? Why do you think Robespierre had so much fear of politicaltraitors?A.Not sure if Robespierre was for or against the RevolutionB.New issues came up over timeC.Preoccupied with fearing for your lifeD.Feared political traitors because he was greedy1.Liked being in office2.Didnt want anyone to take that away from  him3.Could trust no one VII. What were the most important long term effects of the French Revolution?A.Democracy in FranceB.Bastille Day

Using the Strengths-Based Model for Social Work Practice Essay

Utilizing strengths based perspective with clients enables social workers to focus on the client and family strengths and abilities instead of focusing on the client and family’s problems, bad behaviors and pathologies. The strengths based perspective applies six principles that guide the social worker professional in assisting client’s with the strengths based model; we all have areas of strength, but sometimes it takes an unbiased third party to notice and help others clearly see what they are capable of achieving, even in the midst of their crisis. Every Individual, Group, Family and Community Has Strengths Weick (1992) states â€Å"every person has an inherent power that may be characterized as life force, transformational capacity, life energy, spirituality, regenerative potential, and healing power, which is a potent form of knowledge that can guide personal and social transformation† (p. 24). No matter the crisis or oppression, it needs to be brought to client’s realization that they are strong, resilient and can overcome. They may not be aware of this inner power due to the constant stress and overwhelming sense of impending doom in their lives, but with the help of the strengths perspective, we can assist clients in realizing that they have strengths as well as weaknesses. Clients want to know that they can rely on social workers to provide adequate resources and respect their current situation, no matter how difficult it may be. Clients want to know that we can empathize with their situation and provide support, care and concern for the issues they are going through ; they need to know that we will help them achieve their goals and not give up on them as many may have before in their lives. Saleeby (2013) states â€Å"your cli... ...rk-practice in an urban context: The potential of a capacity-enhancement perspective. New York: Oxford University Press Epstein, M.H. & Sharma, J.M. (1998). Behavioral and emotional rating scale: A strength-based approach to assessment. Texas: Pro-Ed. Kaplan , L. & Girard, J. (1994). Strengthening high risk families. New York: Lexington Books. Kisthardt, W. (1992). A strengths model of case management: The principles and functions of a helping partnership with persons with persistent mental illness. New York: Longman. Saleeby, D. (2013). The strengths perspective in social work practice. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Weick, A. (1992). Building a strengths perspective for social work. New York: Longman. Weick, A., Rapp, C., Sullivan, W.P. and Kisthardt, W. (1989). A strengths perspective for social work practice. Social Work, 34(4), 350-354.

Corporate america

Corporate America People in todays society probably think that the government runs our country. The sad thing about this is that they are completely wrong. What if the one and only great United States of America was in fact, ran by its massive corporations. As a whole, America has fallen from their past virtues and qualities on how to properly run a government. Nowadays giant corporations can often persuade the government into their favor.Within the picture, some of the top companies in America that supply people with uxuries, have become so accustomed to our culture, they have become essentials and have a bigger say in our lives. Some of these essentials are: Internet Explorer, Nike, and 18M. For the most part, the corporate logos on the flag are some of our major and most dominant companies. With the amount of currency that the companies produce and contribute to the national debt they easily can do what they want and when. The particular logos shown in the picture are mainly the w orlds most successful businesses.The altered American flag could also be acknowledged for the fact that it is the opulation that builds the corporate businesses into the empires they are today. All of the corporate logos are examples of the businesses with the most say. Nike, influences athletes that they wont be good or cool without it. Camel represents that no one will be calm without a cigarette. They range from Gas/Oil companies, Fast Food, and to pornography. Each one of these logos attracts a different emotion to a different audience; Camel to cigarette smokers, Nike to athletes, McDonalds to fast food eaters.This could encourage rage, confusion, and a bit of regret in Americans bout their decisions and what they invest in. Most people can agree that instead of this picture having a negative connotation, it is almost a patriotic accomplishment, of how far we have come with corporate America. It can show that not only do those companies do very well in one area, but even more s uccessful and powerful internationally. America has come very far and distant from its natural virtues and ideas. The multi-billion dollar companies having some of the biggest, if not the biggest, influences in the world mainly caused this.As time has gone on, companies have become the driving factor in our decision making process in our country. With the power capitalized in large companies, they can easily persuade our government into anything that benefits their businesses. When our country was first founded we had a strict democracy planned out where the people would vote on many things going into act. As time has gone on, ideas and decisions have gotten less and less strict, and the companies have learned how to take advantage of the government easier and easier.

Globalization & Development of economies Essay

Globalization has been perceived as a beneficial factor in the development of economies, technological advancements as well as sociological and political development. However, not everyone gains from these benefits. Instead, other nations particularly the developing states are subjected to the dangerous effects of globalization. The truth about globalization is while the benefits may be enjoyed by a few individual states, the negative impacts of globalization are felt by all the nations in the world. Globalization and the associated changes in the social work organization has led to a creation of economic systems where various corporations are increasingly moving around the world to find the cheapest labor possible. A good example is out the trend of outsourcing, which is quite common in the modern world of business. Cheap labor in this context is reproduced through political, social, technological and economic means which allows corporations to pay extremely low wages to the workers. Globalization has led to a number of technological innovations and technology has played a pivotal role in the reshaping of the social organization of work. The introduction of computers and information technologies has greatly changed the work setting. For instance, the shift from demands for physical work to mental, intellective operations and information handling has substituted the skills of all collar workers. This has reshaped the social organization of work. The overall effect of such changes is the reduction of employment and the eventual reduction in the wage levels among the workers performing physical work. The social organization changes of capitalism have intensified the effect of globalization and affected how employment and labor relationship is regulated. This has mainly been seen through the intensification of acquisition and cross-border mergers where companies value the importance of mergers and acquisitions in order to increase the strength of business. There has also been a pronounced trend of the global corporations of transforming themselves into organizers and coordinators of activities performed by suppliers, contractors and sub-contractors. This has had a significant effect to the regulation of employment and labor relationship leading to the production of cheap labor. Through globalization, employers can easily subcontract and outsource cheap labor from different states which further allows global corporate to externalize and reduce the costs that are incurred from employing directly. Outsourcing of labor makes the employers to pay low wages since they can choose to employ from states where cheap labor is readily available. The political instability, poor living standards and poorly developed economies in developing states have all contributed to the reproduction of cheap labor and global corporations are taking advantage of this. In order to avoid further tearing of the social fabric caused by globalization, consumers and /or producers of cheap labor should devise machineries to provide salient working conditions with improved wage levels. This can be achieved by setting the international wage minimums that will prevent the overexploitation of workers from the developing countries. All workers with similar qualifications should earn on the basis of a unified wage rate. The increased acquisition and merging of companies can be beneficial as it increases the strength of business in a synergistic manner. However, agreements should first be made to integrate the social values of each company and respect the rights of employees of each of the merged companies. Through this, the benefits of globalization can be reaped by both the developing and the developed states or the producers and consumers of labor. Reference: Amin, M. (2009). The effect of globalization, labor fexibilization and national industrial relations systems on human resource management. International Business Research. 2(4), 36-45. http://www. ccsenet. org/journal/index. php/ibr/article/viewFile/3910/3434

Public Relations Essay Example

Public Relations Essay Example Public Relations Essay Public Relations Essay Looking for a Career Option in the Field of Public Relations? This section features Public Relations as a career option, elaborated with reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses and training involved, premier institutions and future prospects. Public Relation is a management function that involves monitoring and evaluating public attitudes and maintaining mutual relations and understanding between an organisation and its public. Public could include shareholders, government, consumers, employees and the media. It is the act of getting along with people we constantly come in touch with. PROs ensures internal cohesion in the company by maintaining a clear communications network between the management and employees. Its first objective is to improve channels of communication and to establish new ways of setting up a two-way flow of information and understanding. Public relations as a separate career option has came into existence when lots of private or government companies and institution felt the need to market their product, service and facilities. Public image is important to all organisations and prominent personalities. The role of public relation specialist becomes pertinent in crisis situations when the correct and timely transmission of information can help save the face of the organisation. In terms of career opportunities, Public relations is broadly practiced for product publicity, corporate publicity, to have better relations with the government, to publish corporate publications like newsletter, bulletins, magazines for employees etc. Personality Traits | | | | | One must have excellent communication skills, both spoken and written so has to express thoughts clearly and simply. An effective personality and the ability to get along with a wide range of people both inside and outside an organisation is necessary. Must be polite always as he has to work under pressure or provocation. An organising ability is required too, as one may have to organise press conferences, lectures, exhibitions and events. Must have self-confidence and farsightedness. He must be able to understand human psychology and take decisions apt to the situation. Analytical skills are required to interpret research information and plan activity. Personal factor 1. The PR personnel must have an analytical mind, farsightedness and the ability to handle crises. The job demands an alert mind for planning, defence and guarding the image of the firm, person or product. . A good command over language is required for preparing news releases, leaflets, reports, articles and effective oral communication skills to make press briefings, hold meetings, conferences and presentations. 3. Good organisational skills and the ability to handle a number of tasks simultaneously. Ability to appreciate suggestions from others is essential for effective functioning. 4. Resilience, a good sense of humour, patience and diplomacy are assets for PR professionals Courses/Training | | | | | Bachelors degree in any discipline preferably with social sciences, liberal arts and humanities is required to take up a course in this field. There are diploma as well as post graduate diploma courses in Public relations. Duration of most the courses is of one year. Apart from this there are also short term certificate courses. Most training programmes in Advertising also includes public relations. Some institutes have entrance exams while others prefer admission on merit basis. These courses mainly cover areas like public relations principles and techniques, public relations management and administration, including organizational development, writing, emphasizing news releases, proposals, annual reports, scripts, speeches, and related items, visual communications, including desktop publishing and computer graphics, and research, emphasizing social science research and survey design and implementation. Public Relations courses 1. Course In Advertising Public Relations 2. Course In Basic Public Relations 3. Course In Basic Image Management 4. Degree Course In Public Relations 5. Diploma In Public Relations 6. Diploma In Communication, Journalism and Public Relations 7. Masters Degree In Journalism And Public Relations 8. Post Graduate Diploma In Journalism, Public Relations And Advertising 9. Post Graduate Diploma In Public Relations 10. Post Graduate Diploma In Public Relations And Advertising 11. Programme In Image Management |Placements And Prospects | | | | | Placements: Public relation officers can find employment in the corporate sector, public sector, government agencies, tourist agencies, hotels, banks and other financial institutions, private consultancy firms etc. Nowadays they can find work even with individuals like political figures, models and film stars who want their pictures, profiles and interviews published in magazines and need agents who can do the work for them so as to have a image in front of general public. Public relation officers can find employment in the corporate sector, public sector, government agencies, tourist agencies, hotels, banks and other financial institutions, private consultancy firms etc. One can start with a salary of Rs 3,000 to Rs 6,000 a month, depending on the kind of organisation that one joins. Prospects: Public relations officers have to work within and outside the organisation. Within the concern they have to conduct management-employee meets, to inform organisations policies, activities and accomplishments. Outside he has to liaison with government departments, trade unions, press etc whose cooperation is required for the smooth functioning, and also have to manage complaints from the consumers, organise events like fairs, exhibitions etc. The work involves keeping management aware of public attitudes and concerns of the many groups and organizations with which they must deal. In addition, public relations departments employ public relations specialists to write, research, prepare materials, maintain contacts, and respond to inquiries. Another important area of work in this field is to create public identity or an image for public figures like political parties, models and film stars. It include advising them on every aspect of personality, including dress code, behavior, statement given in press, public appearances etc. Lobbying, a new field in this career, involves bringing about the passage of laws favorable to the special interest group they represent like a company, industries, government etc. It is a strategy used to raise public consciousness and influence policy makers in areas like environment, human rights, education etc. This is an interesting area of work in public relation. Career Guidance Public Relations Courtesy: [pic] www. indicareer. com

Definition and Examples of Nominalization in Grammar

Definition and Examples of Nominalization in Grammar In English grammar, nominalization is a type of word formation in which a verb or an adjective (or another part  of speech) is used as (or transformed into) a noun. The verb form is nominalize. It is also called nouning. In transformational grammar, nominalization refers to the derivation of a noun phrase from an underlying clause. In this sense, an example of nominalization is the destruction of the city, where the noun destruction corresponds to the main verb of a clause and the city to its object (Geoffrey Leech, A Glossary of English Grammar,  2006). Examples and Observations English is truly impressive . . . in the way it lets you construct nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns; blogger and blogosphere are examples. All you have to do is add one of an assortment of suffixes: -acy (democracy), -age (patronage), -al (refusal), -ama (panorama), -ana (Americana), -ance (variance), -ant (deodorant), -dom (freedom), -edge (knowledge), -ee (lessee), -eer (engineer), -er (painter), -ery (slavery), -ese (Lebanese), -ess (laundress), -ette (launderette), -fest (lovefest), -ful (basketful), -hood (motherhood), -iac (maniac), -ian (Italian), -ie or -y (foodie, smoothy), -ion (tension, operation), -ism (progressivism), -ist (idealist), -ite (Israelite), -itude (decripitude), -ity (stupidity), -ium (tedium), -let (leaflet), -ling (earthling), -man or -woman (Frenchman), -mania (Beatlemania), -ment (government), -ness (happiness), -o (weirdo), -or (vendor), -ship (stewardship), -th (length), and -tude (gratitude). . . . At the present moment, everybody seems to be going a bit nuts with noun creation. Journalists and bloggers seem to believe that a sign of being ironic and hip is to coin nouns with such suffixes as -fest (Google baconfest and behold what you find), -athon, -head (Deadhead, Parrothead, gearhead), -oid, -orama, and -palooza. (Ben Yagoda, When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway, 2007) Nominalization in Scientific and Technical Writing The forces which operate to encourage nominalization are understandable. Dealing continually in concepts, scientific and technical writers tend to isolate activities such as experimenting, measuring, and analysing as abstract conceptual units in their minds. They are also pushed towards passive constructions, both by tradition and by their own desire to step aside and allow their work to speak for itself. These forces produce characteristic constructions such as: A similar experiment was carried out using the material . . .Sigma preparation was carried out as described . . . So common has carried out become as a general purpose verb that it is a recognized marker of scientific reporting, and television news bulletins commonly adopt the construction when reporting scientific work. . . .Once recognized, nominalization is easy to correct. Whenever you see general-purpose verbs such as carry out, perform, undertake, or conduct look for the word which names the action. Turning the name of the activity back into a verb (preferably active) will undo the nominalization, and make the sentence more direct and easier to read.(Christopher Turk and Alfred John Kirkman, Effective Writing: Improving Scientific, Technical, and Business Communication, 2nd ed. Chapman Hall, 1989) The Dark Side of Nominalization It’s not just that nominalization can sap the vitality of one’s speech or prose; it can also eliminate context and mask any sense of agency. Furthermore, it can make something that is nebulous or fuzzy seem stable, mechanical and precisely defined. . . .Nominalizations give priority to actions rather than to the people responsible for them. Sometimes this is apt, perhaps because we don’t know who is responsible or because responsibility isn’t relevant. But often they conceal power relationships and reduce our sense of what’s truly involved in a transaction. As such, they are an instrument of manipulation, in politics and in business. They emphasize products and results, rather than the processes by which products and results are achieved. (Henry Hitchings, The Dark Side of Verbs-as-Nouns. The New York Times, April 5, 2013) Types of Nominalization Nominalization types differ according to the level of organization at which the nominalization takes place (see also Langacker 1991). . . . [T]hree types of nominalizations can be distinguished: nominalizations at the level of the word (e.g. teacher, Sams washing of the windows), nominalizations which nominalize a structure that lies in between a verb and a full clause (e.g. Sams washing the windows) and, finally, nominalizations consisting of full clauses (e.g. that Sam washed the windows). The latter two types deviate from the normal rank scale of units in that they represent nominals or phrases which consist of clausal or clause-like structures. They have therefore been regarded as problematic, and it has even be claimed that that-structures are not nominalizations (e.g., Dik 1997; McGregor 1997). (Liesbet Heyvaert, A Cognitive-Functional Approach to Nominalization in English. Mouton de Gruyter, 2003) Nominalizations properly refer to third-order entities, e.g. Cooking involves irreversible chemical changes, in which cooking refers to the process as a generic type, abstracted from a particular token instance at a specific time. A second kind of nominalization involves reference to second-order entities. Here reference is to particular countable tokens of processes, e.g. The cooking took five hours. The third kind of nominalization has been called improper (Vendler 1968). This refers to first-order entities, things with physical substance and often extended in space, e.g. I like Johns cooking, which refers to the food which results from the cooking, (the RESULT OF ACTION AS ACTION metonymy). (Andrew Goatly, Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology. John Benjamins, 2007)

Statistical modelling..BUSINESS REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Statistical modelling..BUSINESS REPORT - Essay Example The home characteristics can further be classified into ‘the number of rooms in a house’, ‘the number of full and half bath rooms’, ‘availability of garage’, ‘cellar’, ‘balcony’ etc. Similarly, the characteristics related to the vicinity or the neighborhood of a house can be termed as the neighborhood characteristics. These characteristics can further be classified into ‘roadside’, ‘traffic intensity’, ‘bothersome location’, ‘crime prone vicinity’ etc. The scope of this paper is to consider given factors for the assessment of house value by testing the level of their significance. The expected outcome is termed as a prediction model. INTRODUCTION The assessment of the price of a house is generally assessed through the few apparent factors like the construction value, design and location of the house. The rough estimation usually does not encompass the related factors t hat are important to decide the value of a house and have a significant impact on the assessment process. The study of the factors other than the common factors is important to identify their role in the determination of the price or value of a home. Generally a realtor’s claim would always be that the location is the most important factor when it comes to determining the value of a house or home. ... The null hypothesis here would be the realtor’s claim i.e. the location is the most important factor in assessing the house value whereas the alternate hypothesis refutes by stating that this is not the only factor but there are other significantly effective factors that are needed to be taken into account. LITERATURE REVIEW There are a number of processes that can be used to predict house values. These include various probabilistic methods. Multivariate Spatial Method, Time Series analysis, Footy Forecast Forecasting methods( a method that is similar to simple sequence method), ordinary least square regression and logistic regression, ‘hedonic model and artificial neural network model’, ‘non-parametric latent manifold model’. The procedure that we would incorporate in order to evaluate the house values from our system is multiple regression analysis. Multiple Regression Analysis incorporates the effects that a number of independent variables have on a dependent variable. In the current study it is attempted to evaluate that what do independent variables such as the number of bedrooms and bathrooms present in a house, the vicinity of the house and other factors etc. have of the value of a house. Home characteristics The properties related to the home structure, architecture, design and construction quality and the provisions it extends are considered to come under home characteristics. The main characteristics included in this study are the size in square feet, number of bedrooms and bath rooms, presence of pool and fireplace, age of house and design of construction. Neighborhood characteristics The outside environment of a home generally referred to as location comprises of the neighborhood characteristics. The study includes

Role of gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of gender - Essay Example They were considered to be clean after the cut, and this was a licence to marriage (Dirie 11). The essay, "The Brothels Bottom Line," highlights the various evils young girls are subjected to in the brothel business. According to the story girls are sex objects that men can buy to please themselves and dispose whenever they please. They are used as tools of trade by brothel owners, who attach no value to them, to a point of beating them to death. Others are stitched their private parts to become virgins solely for the purpose of their owners making more money. While there are people who attach good gender roles to girls’ economic growth, like involving in businesses, others do not see the use of women apart from pleasing men (Kristof 4-8). The essays have various lessons about the role of gender in our culture. They show that gender plays a big role in shaping our children’s destiny. Gender assigns various roles to people and they assume these roles to their maturity. While in the essay "The Tragedy of Female Circumcision," the author was circumcised because her grandmother and great grandmother had too been circumcised, the girls in "The Brothels Bottom Line† essay who had become used to prostitution found it hard to leave the business. Gender plays a great role in shaping our reasoning and determines who we are at maturity. Srey Mom in the essay had become addicted to methamphetamine and decided to stick to it even after being saved from the brothels, she opted to go back to the habit. From both essays, it is evident that gender is responsible for assigning people various roles that they play in their cultures. Although they point at the negativity of the said roles, gender is also responsible for posit ive roles assigned to people in the society.   Globally, different cultures have different perceptions regarding gender. While the culture of various third world countries like Africa and some Asian countries assign specific

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Case study - Essay Example Timely delivery of the products to meet the urgent customer needs is paramount over implementing innovation on the currently high demand products and services. When the company does not reach its targeted goals and objectives on time, the company may be forced to close shop. The company culture includes management’s terminating the services of employees who consistently do not meet job performance standards (Daft &Armstrong, 2008). In the same manner, the customers accept the organizational culture that companies sell products to generate profits. Customers understand the sales person’s reply to the current and future customers’ request for a lower selling price stating that the company must sell in order to recover its production costs, selling costs, and other cash outflows (Daft &Armstrong, 2008). Customer culture also includes relying on trust or agreement as well as a viable personal relationship between the organization’s employees and the current an d future customers. The company must not break the customers’ trust by delaying the delivery of the products to the market place. The company must build a personal relationship where the customer’s demands or needs are met in timely manner, without exception (Daft &Armstrong, 2008). Further, innovation of products and services must be grounded on ustomer demands and needs. The innovation must fill the customers’ continually changing needs and wants. ... Consequently, the disgruntled current and future customers may shift to buying their needs and wants from the competitors (Daft &Armstrong, 2008). Question 3. The organization must design a results-based organization structure to ensure a balance between opposing positive goals (Daft &Armstrong, 2008). The company sets standards in order to create synergy among the different goals of the company. Each department must ensure complementary achievement of the two opposing goals. Similarly each employee of every department is mandated to culturally contribute to the accomplishment of the employee’s department goals. The standards are the guidelines. However, there are certain situations in the organizational process where adjustments are required. Sometimes some customers request for certain adjustments. To please the customer, the organizational culture includes incorporating the customers’ requests to incorporate the requested adjustments to the products. Further, the org anization must design a customer-based process (Daft &Armstrong, 2008). The company must empower its line and staff employees to create a synergy between one choice and the other choice. For example, the company should implement customer-requested adjustments to allow some violations or noncompliance with certain established organizational standards. The timely adjustment reduces efficiency requirements and reduces long term effectiveness procedures. The customer may not need a product that took too long to deliver because the company prioritizes accomplishment of long term goals. The company must not eliminate efficiency procedures in order to ensure all long term effectiveness objectives are achieved.

Business communication Essay Example for Free

Business communication Essay SNC-Lavalin is one of the largest engineering companies in Canada, and one of the largest all around the world, however, failed to effectually communicate and face communication problem. This analysis report contains communication problems and influences on company. Additional information related to causes and symptoms of communication problem. Likewise, communicate with stakeholder groups result in concerns, and SNC-Lavalin use different communication model to deal with each group. The main communication problem is bypassing and different frames of reference. In communication process, bypassing can result in miscommunication, because the CEO and employee do not have the same symbolic meanings and bring own biases in any communication. Due to the longer lines of communication between CEO and employee, the message could be distorted. This problem impact on company fund missing and mystery payment, also, SNC-Lavalin’s stock decline a lot. The reason of problem happens because lack trust, lack communication skills competition for status and rewards. It is easy to cause communication problem if no trust between communicationï ¼Å'through the long over time, the mistakes will become seriously and many mistakes are due to lack communication skills. Meanwhile, personal status and rewards will cause bypassing, lack organization concept, to the extent that different people pay more attention on their own profit rather than the common goal. SNC-Lavalin shows several symptoms due to communication problem. First, agents help company win a contract by paid bribes, but can’t follow the appropriate routines. Second, after $56 million dollars missing, Gwyn Morgan, the company chairman, denied that there is no responsibility for  superior officers, and resign suddenly after stated. Third, Cynthia Vanier help Muammar Gaddafi’s son smuggle and do illegal trading, as well as denied the charge. Employees and shareholders are the key stakeholder groups, however, different group has different concern. To specific, employees concern about their job and incomeï ¼Å'because it is close related to employees’ life quality. Meanwhile, shareholders concern about their profit, because it means stock rights will be influenced, in other word, shareholders profit could losing. SNC-Lavalin follows the communication models with each stakeholder group. As for communicate with employees; the first step is having idea. After organize idea, use encode like transfer language and write down or typewriting. After that, delivered by announcement or email. In order to overcome misunderstanding, improve the flow of message in company. Sign on the paper one by one after employees receive, if have problem mark it clearly. SNC-Lavalin have to give an effectively communication to shareholders. When idea formation by SNC-Lavalin, convert an idea into words that include meaning. It is necessary for general meeting of shareholders every year, in the meeting; shareholders understand the meaning stand for decodes the message successfully. Finally, ask question come up with feedback, and descriptive is the best choice. In conclusion, it is important for SNC-Lavalin communication effectively. This case analysis points out the main communication problem refer to SNC-Lavalin, at the same time, detail analysis about influence on company, moreover, discuss reason and manifestation about communication problem. After that, analyze the two key stakeholder groups, and each of them has different concern. Last but not least, SNC-Lavalin use communication model to deal the relationship with each stakeholder group.

John Donnes The Holy Sonnets Essay -- Donne Holy Sonnets Religion Ess

John Donne's The Holy Sonnets By making many references to the Bible, John Donne's Holy Sonnets reveal his want to be accepted and forgiven by God. A fear of death without God's forgiveness of sins is conveyed in these sonnets. Donne expresses extreme anxiety and fright that Satan has taken over his soul and God won't forgive him for it or his sins. A central theme of healing and forgiveness imply that John Donne, however much he wrote about God and being holy, wasn't such a holy man all of the time and tried to make up for it in his writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In sonnet 1, the speaker is talking to God. He tells God that his death is near. He feels that with all of the sins he has committed he is leaning towards hell instead of heaven. Satan has tempted him too much and he doesn't know if he can even go an hour without giving in to Satan's evil ways. The speaker asks God to give him wings so that he may ascend into heaven and prevent Satan from taking him to hell. There is a sense of manipulation in the speaker in the beginning of the sonnet. "Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?'; In other words, "You're making your own creation look bad if you don't help me to become holy again.'; This starts out the sonnet with a bitter tone, a favorable way for Donne to begin. But in the end, the speaker is pleading God to give him wings, ending the sonnet with a sense of desperation. The worried tone of the last few lines is a rather common one in the Holy Sonnets. It exhibits the r...

Bmw Research Paper Essay

BMW is enhancing the travel experience for drivers and passengers while also launching a series of new platforms The BMW Group – one of Germany’s largest industrial companies – is also one of the most successful car and motorcycle manufacturers in the world and 2011 was its best year to date. With almost 1.7 million vehicles sold, the BMW Group is the world’s leading premium manufacturer in terms of sales volume. Its three automobile brands, BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce, and the BMW and Husqvarna motorcycles brands led to record sales of â‚ ¬68.8bn. During 2011, the company introduced five new BMW models across the 1,3,5 and 6 series as well as the Mini Coupe and the Rolls-Royce 102EX, the first electric vehicle in the ultra-luxury segment. In addition, the company also launched a new sub brand – BMW i – that includes the i3 all-electric and i8 plug-in hybrid concept cars due for launch in 2013. However, as well as selling more products than ever and expanding production capacity, especially for the all-important China market, the company also kicked off a number of strategic partnerships for the future. These included the start of the BMW Peugeot Citroà «n Electrification joint venture, the acquisition of a strategic investment in SGL Carbon SE and the cooperation with Toyota Motor Corporation in basic research for battery cell technology. Although a significant manufacturer, BMW is not part of a larger company like its main competitor Audi. As BMW invests heavily in innovation to continue to produce the ultimate driving experience, keeping its power options open is key, so as the shift towards electric continues to gather speed these development partnerships are vital elements in the company’s growth strategy.

Why Should We Have Good Manners

The modern society consists of more people than it did in the past. These people are of various cultural, racial, religious and professional backgrounds. It therefore requires great powers of endurance and abilities of mixing with people. Good manners enable one to tolerate the disagreeable attitudes of others to a great extent. They also help to promote friendship among the people around. If one has good manners, that person is respected by those who associate with him or her. Having good manners, however, does not mean that being polite, understanding, and sympathetic when not only outside but also inside his or her home. There are many people who are very kind and polite to people outside their homes, but within their own homes they are worse than the devil himself. Such people do not really have good manners. Having good manners means being good to others. Our speech and habits as well as our behavior should not hurt the feelings of others or cause them any inconvenience. We should not also talk ill about others or boast about our achievements or personal possessions. We must not laugh at the weaknesses and failures of others. Further, if we are angry we must try to use words in such a way that others are not offended. If we have all these qualities, we will have more friends and well-wishers. We will also have less trouble from others, and those who associate with us will also learn how to behave well. In this way, our good manners will help to spread better understanding and good-will among others. Thus, we can live a happier life. It is for all these reasons that we should have good manners.